
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}  \cmidrule(lr){4-5}
                                                    & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest    & 0.821$^{***}$ & 1.352$^{***}$ & 0.058$^{**}$  & 0.087$^{*}$\\   
                                                    & (0.148)       & (0.230)       & (0.025)       & (0.050)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast  & 0.681         & 0.423$^{***}$ & 0.173         & 0.180$^{*}$\\   
                                                    & (0.496)       & (0.124)       & (0.106)       & (0.097)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ South      & 1.158$^{***}$ & 1.083$^{***}$ & 0.099$^{***}$ & 0.065$^{***}$\\   
                                                    & (0.282)       & (0.325)       & (0.017)       & (0.014)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ West       & 1.481$^{***}$ & 2.267$^{***}$ & 0.173$^{***}$ & 0.200$^{***}$\\   
                                                    & (0.243)       & (0.423)       & (0.034)       & (0.035)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest           & 0.974$^{***}$ & 1.299$^{***}$ & 0.149$^{***}$ & 0.139$^{***}$\\   
                                                    & (0.181)       & (0.201)       & (0.037)       & (0.033)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast         & 0.968$^{***}$ & 0.519$^{***}$ & 0.173$^{***}$ & 0.139$^{***}$\\   
                                                    & (0.202)       & (0.049)       & (0.034)       & (0.042)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ South             & 0.349$^{***}$ & 0.147         & 0.095$^{***}$ & 0.049\\   
                                                    & (0.126)       & (0.279)       & (0.021)       & (0.064)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ West              & 0.548$^{**}$  & 1.780$^{**}$  & 0.136$^{***}$ & 0.150$^{**}$\\   
                                                    & (0.233)       & (0.733)       & (0.040)       & (0.059)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Predicted surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest    & 0.496$^{***}$ & 1.119$^{***}$ & 0.028         & 0.070\\   
                                                              & (0.169)       & (0.270)       & (0.023)       & (0.048)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast  & 0.045         & 0.160         & -0.013        & -0.051$^{*}$\\   
                                                              & (0.337)       & (0.144)       & (0.069)       & (0.029)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ South      & 0.852$^{**}$  & 0.803$^{*}$   & 0.063$^{***}$ & 0.049$^{**}$\\   
                                                              & (0.331)       & (0.411)       & (0.024)       & (0.021)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ West       & 1.106$^{***}$ & 1.586$^{***}$ & 0.093$^{***}$ & 0.135$^{***}$\\   
                                                              & (0.255)       & (0.257)       & (0.030)       & (0.025)\\   
   Predicted population $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest           & 0.927$^{***}$ & 0.675$^{*}$   & 0.147$^{***}$ & 0.113$^{*}$\\   
                                                              & (0.200)       & (0.354)       & (0.036)       & (0.064)\\   
   Predicted population $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast         & 0.905$^{***}$ & 0.352$^{**}$  & 0.191$^{***}$ & 0.147$^{***}$\\   
                                                              & (0.208)       & (0.133)       & (0.039)       & (0.050)\\   
   Predicted population $\times$ Region $=$ South             & 0.077         & -0.396        & 0.076$^{***}$ & -0.006\\   
                                                              & (0.108)       & (0.292)       & (0.023)       & (0.036)\\   
   Predicted population $\times$ Region $=$ West              & 0.176         & 0.705$^{**}$  & 0.108$^{**}$  & 0.013\\   
                                                              & (0.334)       & (0.345)       & (0.042)       & (0.061)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest             & 0.831$^{***}$      & 1.464$^{***}$      & 0.069$^{**}$       & 0.101$^{*}$\\   
                                                            & (0.172)            & (0.267)            & (0.028)            & (0.054)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast           & 0.791              & 0.549$^{***}$      & 0.136              & 0.000\\   
                                                            & (0.512)            & (0.146)            & (0.120)            & (0.055)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ South               & 1.155$^{***}$      & 1.135$^{***}$      & 0.099$^{***}$      & 0.073$^{***}$\\   
                                                            & (0.280)            & (0.352)            & (0.021)            & (0.022)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ West                & 1.738$^{***}$      & 2.439$^{***}$      & 0.190$^{***}$      & 0.195$^{***}$\\   
                                                            & (0.300)            & (0.454)            & (0.034)            & (0.029)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest              & 0.989$^{***}$      & 0.901$^{**}$       & 0.156$^{***}$      & 0.165$^{*}$\\   
                                                            & (0.225)            & (0.420)            & (0.042)            & (0.089)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast            & 0.930$^{***}$      & 0.510$^{**}$       & 0.198$^{***}$      & 0.238$^{**}$\\   
                                                            & (0.189)            & (0.208)            & (0.028)            & (0.097)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ South                & 0.334$^{***}$      & -0.388             & 0.113$^{***}$      & 0.039\\   
                                                            & (0.108)            & (0.342)            & (0.019)            & (0.123)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ West                 & 0.217              & 1.692$^{**}$       & 0.133$^{***}$      & 0.079\\   
                                                            & (0.389)            & (0.736)            & (0.045)            & (0.062)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat: Surname diversity  & 547; 448; 569; 213 & 390; 101; 210; 237 & 547; 448; 569; 213 & 390; 101; 210; 237\\  
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat: Population         & 616; 109; 133; 668 & 183; 122; 23; 47   & 616; 109; 133; 668 & 183; 122; 23; 47\\  
    \\
   County fixed effects                             & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period fixed effects                             & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends                          &               & $\checkmark$  &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                                     & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


